Secondary 4 Science Resources
Chemical Changes - Precipitation Reactions (Sec 4 SE and Sec 4 ST)
In this Desmos Activity, students review the concept of precipitation reactions and practice reading a solubility table to determine if a precipitation occurs. Answers are included so that they can check their work.
Learning goal:
- To describe the visible manifestation of precipitation (formation of a solid deposit when two aqueous solutions are mixed)
Desmos Activity : SE Precipitation Practice
Related textbook pages:
Observatory: The Environment, Second Year of Secondary Cycle Two, ERPI, 2009, p 118
Additional resources:
Isotopes and Relative Atomic Mass (Sec 4 SE and Sec 4 EST)
In this brief video, students review the concepts of isotopes and relative atomic mass. In the Desmos Activity below, students practice the naming convention for isotopes as well as calculating relative atomic mass. Answers are included so that they can check their work.
Learning goals:
-
To define isotopes as atoms of the same element whose nuclei have different numbers of neutrons and therefore different atomic masses
-
To explain qualitatively the concept of relative atomic mass
Related Textbook Pages:
Observatory: The Environment, Second Year of Secondary Cycle Two, ERPI, 2009, pp 24-26
Additional Resources:
Desmos Activity: Isotopes (Practice & Visuals)
Electrolytes (Sec 4 SE and Sec 4 ST)
In the Desmos Activity, students review the concept of electrolytes and practice identifying electrolytes (acids, bases, and salts). Answers are included so that they can check their work.
Learning goal:
-
To define the concept of electrolytes
Desmos Activity: Classifying Compounds with Feedback
Related textbook pages:
Observatory: The Environment, Second Year of Secondary Cycle Two, ERPI, 2009, pp 58-60
Greenhouse Effect (Sec 4 SE and Sec 4 ST)
Organization of Matter (Sec 4 SE and Sec 4 EST)
In this brief video, students review the concept of an atom and its constituent parts (proton, neutron, electron). As well, students are reminded of the difference between ions, isotopes, and atoms and are expected to recall these concepts from the past. A note about polyatomic ions is included and students should proceed into the Chemistry 11 curriculum with full knowledge of these topics.
Learning Goals:
- To define the atom as the basic unit of the molecule
- To define an element as a pure substance made of a single type of atom
- To be able to describe the position and electrical charge of the elementary particles in an atom (proton, electron, neutron)
- To define the concept of ion
Related Textbook Pages:
Quantum Chemistry, Third Year of Secondary Cycle Two, Chenelière Éducation, 2011, pp 4-7
Observatory: The Environment, Second Year of Secondary Cycle Two, ERPI, 2009, pp 6-16
Additional Resources:
ExploreLearning Gizmos: Element Builder
Periodic Classification (Sec 4 ST)
Here, periodic classification is re-introduced. In this video, students learn about the order in which electrons fill their shells, and the proper roman numeral classification of groups and periods.
Learning Goals:
- To describe the periodic table as a structured classification of elements
- To be able to determine the number of valence electrons in an element
Related Textbook Pages:
Quantum Chemistry, Third Year of Secondary Cycle Two, Chenelière Éducation, 2011, pp 8-10
Observatory: The Environment, Second Year of Secondary Cycle Two, ERPI, 2009, pp 17-25
Additional Resources:
Khan Academy: The periodic table - classification of elements
Finding Ionic Charges (Sec 4 SE and Sec 4 EST)
In this video, students are given an opportunity to review and practice why metals adopt positive charges and non-metals largely have negative charges based on their valence electron arrangements. Students are asked to identify key properties of ions in a final practice assignment, including their placement on the periodic table and ratio of protons to electrons.
Learning Goal:
- To determine the ionic charge for a given ion
Lewis Dot Diagrams (Sec 4 SE and Sec 4 ST)
Offered here is a key video explaining Lewis Notation. Explicating how a Lewis dot diagram indicates the valence number of electrons, the teacher explains how electrons are arranged and paired.
Learning Goals:
- To represent atoms using Lewis notation
- To make a schematic representation of a covalent bond
- To make a schematic representation of an ionic bond
In this second lesson, students review the concepts of ionic and covalent bonding using the Lewis notation model. In this review, the difference between ionic bonding where electrons are donated or received, and covalent bonding where they are shared, is explained through key examples.
Related Textbook Pages:
Quantum Chemistry, Third Year of Secondary Cycle Two, Chenelière Éducation, 2011, p 7, pp 28-29
Observatory: The Environment, Second Year of Secondary Cycle Two, ERPI, 2009, p 27, pp 45-47
Additional Resources:
Khan Academy: Counting valence electrons for main group elements
Enumeration of Matter (Sec 4 SE and Sec 4 EST)
This lesson begins by recounting the difficulty with counting the number of particles in chemistry. Following this, the rationale for using the mole is carefully explained along with the concept of molar mass (the mass of a single mole of any one substance).
The second part of the video refreshes students about the relationship between mass, molar mass, and moles, and empowers them to solve for unknown values when required. As well, students are reminded that the number of moles is equivalent to the number of particles divided by Avogadro’s number. We can then substitute the number of moles into the first formula if required, to find grams or to solve for molar mass experimentally.
Learning Goals:
- To define the mole as the unit of measure of the amount of a substance
- To express an amount of a substance in moles
Related Textbook Pages:
Quantum Chemistry, Third Year of Secondary Cycle Two, Chenelière Éducation, 2011, pp 13-14
Observatory: The Environment, Second Year of Secondary Cycle Two, ERPI, 2009, pp 30-31
Additional Resources:
Khan Academy: The mole and Avogadro's number
Balancing Equations (Sec 4 SE and Sec 4 ST)
In this lesson, we review the basic principles of balancing equations. Foremost, students must bear in mind the Law of Conservation of Matter, or in other words, that elements must be equal on the reactant and product sides of any chemical equation. Using coefficients (not subscripts!), students can balance elements to ensure the law is followed and the reaction balanced.
Learning Goal:
- To balance a chemical equation
Related Textbook Pages:
Quantum Chemistry, Third Year of Secondary Cycle Two, Chenelière Éducation, 2011, pp 22-23
Observatory: The Environment, Second Year of Secondary Cycle Two, ERPI, 2009, p 111
Additional Resources:
Stoichiometry (Sec 4 SE and Sec 4 EST)
Here, we begin to think about calculations as applied to chemical reactions. In all chemical reactions, there are reactants that break apart and rearrange bonds to make new products, in keeping with the Law of Conservation of Mass. Here, students are looking at calculating the number of moles of a reactant or product given another one. This unpacks the concept of mole ratios and emphasizes that moles are the only mode of conversion in chemistry between different substances.
Learning Goal:
- To determine the quantities of reactants or products using stoichiometric calculations (gram or mole)
Nuclear Stability and Radioactivity (Sec 4 EST)
The following presentation will help you to:
• Explain nuclear stability
• Define radioactivity
• Understand isotopes
• Understand the structure of atoms, specifically the nucleus
• Understand the types of force and equilibrium of two forces
Types of Nuclear Transformations (Sec 4 EST)
These resources will help you to:
• Distinguish nuclear fission from nuclear fusion
• Be able to apply conservation laws to nuclear reaction equations
• Identify the mass number (A) and atomic number (Z) of an element
• Understand the law of conservation of mass
• Understand isotopes
Types of Nuclear Transformations - Fission and Fusion:
Slide deck Download 
Practice Activity:
Nuclear Reactions Download
Enrichment Activity:
Exploring Ethics Download
Related textbook pages:
Observatory: The Environment, Second Year of Secondary Cycle Two, ERPI, 2009, pp. 24-26, 124-130
Related Resources:
Feynman: The Pleasure of Finding Things Out (1981)
Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion - what exactly happens in these processes?
Fission vs. fusion: What's the Difference?
Electrical Force (Sec 4 EST)
The following resources will help you to:
• Apply Coulomb’s law
• Qualitatively describe the effect of an electrical field on a charged particle
• Describe types of force and net (effective) force
• Understand the law of attraction and repulsion
Electrical Force: Coulomb's Law and Electrical Force
Slide Deck: Download
Soil Depletion (Sec 4 EST)
The Neutron and Periodicity of Properties
At the end of this lesson you should be able to:
• Associate the atomic number of an element with the number of protons it has
• Describe the position and electrical charge of the neutron in an atom
• Represent an atom of a given element using the simplified atomic model
• Describe the periodicity of certain properties of elements (e.g. chemical reactivity, atomic radius, electronegativity)
Atomic Number, Isotopes and Relative Atomic Mass
At the end of this lesson you will be able to:
• Define isotopes as atoms of the same element whose nuclei have different
numbers of neutrons and therefore different atomic masses
• Define a radioactive isotope as an isotope whose atomic nucleus is unstable
• Explain qualitatively the concept of relative atomic mass
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